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The economics of fascism refers to the economic policies implemented by fascist governments. Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically fascist type of economic policies can be said to exist. Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared.〔Baker〕 Payne, Paxton, Sternhell, et al. argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization.〔Payne; Paxton, Sternhell, et al.〕 Feldman and Mason argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders can not be explained within a logical economic framework.〔Daniel Woodley, ''Fascism and Political Theory'', Routlede, 2010, ISBN 978-0-415-47354-5, p.161〕 ==General characteristics of fascist economies== An inherent aspect of fascist economies was economic ''dirigisme'',〔Ivan T. Berend, An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 93〕 meaning an economy where the government exerts strong directive influence over investment, as opposed to having a merely regulatory role. In general, apart from the nationalizations of some industries, fascist economies were based on private individuals being allowed property and private initiative, but these were contingent upon service to the state.〔James A. Gregor, The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 7〕 Fascism operated from a Social Darwinist view of human relations. The aim was to promote superior individuals and weed out the weak.〔Alexander J. De Grand, ''Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany'', Routledge, 1995. pp. 47〕 In terms of economic practice, this meant promoting the interests of successful businessmen while destroying trade unions and other organizations of the working class.〔Alexander J. De Grand, ''Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany'', Routledge, 1995. pp. 48-51〕 Fascist governments encouraged the pursuit of private profit and offered many benefits to large businesses, but they demanded in return that all economic activity should serve the national interest.〔Alexander J. De Grand, ''Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany'', Routledge, 1995. pp. 57〕 Historian Gaetano Salvemini argued in 1936 that fascism makes taxpayers responsible to private enterprise, because "the State pays for the blunders of private enterprise... Profit is private and individual. Loss is public and social."〔Salvemini, Gaetano. ''Under the Axe of Fascism'' 1936.〕 One significant fascist economic belief was that prosperity would naturally follow once the nation has achieved a cultural and spiritual re-awakening.〔William G. Welk, ''Fascist Economic Policy'', Harvard University Press, 1938. pp. 38-39〕 Often, different members of a fascist party would make completely opposite statements about the economic policies they supported.〔Henry A. Turner, "German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler", 1985, pp. 61-68〕 Once in power, fascists usually adopted whatever economic program they believed to be most suitable for their political goals. Long-lasting fascist regimes (such as that of Benito Mussolini in Italy) made drastic changes to their economic policy from time to time. Stanley Payne argues that while fascist movements defended the principle of private property, which they held "inherent to the freedom and spontaneity of the individual personality", a common aim of all fascist movements was elimination of the autonomy or, in some cases, the existence of large-scale capitalism.〔Payne, Stanley (1996). ''A History of Fascism''. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-595-6 p.10〕 The fascists opposed both international socialism and liberal capitalism, arguing that their views represented a ''third way''. They claimed to provide a realistic economic alternative that was neither laissez-faire capitalism nor communism.〔Philip Morgan, ''Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, New York Tayolor & Francis 2003, p. 168〕 They favoured corporatism and class collaboration, believing that the existence of inequality and separate social classes was beneficial (contrary to the views of socialists).〔 "() affirms the irremediable, fruitful and beneficent inequality of men"〕 Fascists argued that the state had a role in mediating relations between these classes (contrary to the views of liberal capitalists).〔Calvin B. Hoover, ''The Paths of Economic Change: Contrasting Tendencies in the Modern World'', The American Economic Review, Vol. 25, No. 1, Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. (March, 1935), pp. 13-20.〕 In most cases, fascists discouraged or banned foreign trade; fascists believed that too much international trade would make the national economy dependent on international capital, and therefore vulnerable to international economic sanctions. Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments.〔Alexander J. De Grand, ''Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany'', Routledge, 1995. pp. 60-61〕 Fascism was highly militaristic, and as such, fascists often significantly increased military spending. It also emphasized privatization. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economics of fascism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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